| In Principle

Support from Poland’s National Recovery Plan under the A1.2.1 investment scheme was aimed as assisting micro, small and medium-sized businesses in the hotel, restaurant and catering industry in rebuilding after the difficult period of the pandemic. But when a map of the aid awarded under the scheme was published to showcase the scale of the programme’s success, it raised questions about whether the funding went to the places where it was most needed. This led to the launch of a sweeping review of the scheme—not random checks, but inspections of all beneficiaries. It’s no wonder that many businesses are considering now how to work through this process and protect their own interests.

On 4 August 2025 the Province Administrative Court in Waraw denied complaints filed by ecological organisations from Poland and Germany against the decision of the General Director for Environmental Protection concerning the environmental conditions for implementing the project for construction of the container terminal in the external port in Świnoujście. The judgment is not yet legally final.

Following the outbreak of the full-scale war in 2022, Ukraine became the country submitting the most extradition requests to the Polish authorities, overtaking the previous leader, Russia. Now about 50 cases a year reach the regional prosecutors’ offices, where procedures for extradition to Ukraine are initiated pursuant to Interpol Diffusions or Red Notices. The noticeable increase in the number of such cases in the prosecutors’ offices has also led to increased activity in this area by Poland’s regional courts and courts of appeal.

On 19 June 2025 the Court of Justice of the European Union issued an important ruling for Polish legal practice in C-396/24, Lubreczlik, responding to a request for a preliminary ruling from the Kraków Regional Court on the rules for settling accounts between the parties to an invalidated credit agreement. 

Can a renowned trademark be used to encourage participation in a contest? Is displaying someone else’s trademark as a promotional prize merely informational, or is it trademark infringement? The Court of Justice addressed this issue in its judgment of 11 January 2024 in C-361/22, Inditex. The case involved a promotional campaign in the form of a contest, where the prize was a gift card from a well-known fashion brand. The promoter used the brand’s logo in a depiction of the card without the proprietor’s permission.

Variable interest rate loans based on the WIBOR benchmark are a major part of the Polish financial market. For years the WIBOR rate remained at a low level, but it shot up in 2022. The WIBOR 6M stood at 0.25% in January 2021, but by July 2022 it had hit a peak of 7.43%. Currently the WIBOR 6M is a little lower (5.05% as of 10 June 2025), but it has yet to retreat to its earlier low values. 

Some consumers are attempting via the Polish courts to undermine provisions in credit agreements setting variable interest rates on the basis of the WIBOR benchmark. They hope that the courts will hold these clauses to be impermissible under Civil Code Art. 3851. This would allow their credit agreement as a whole, or the specific WIBOR provisions, to be set aside. But does Polish law empower the courts to examine the alleged abusiveness of such provisions?

In C-472/23, Lexitor, the Court of Justice of the European Union held that the sanction of “free credit” must reflect the principle of proportionality, and need not be applied simply because of the presence of abusive provisions in the credit agreement having an impact on annual percentage rate.

Following the high-profile judgment of the Court of Justice of 13 February 2025 in C-472/23, Lexitor, the issue of the sanction of “free credit” has become more and more dynamic. In that judgment, the Court of Justice did not address the legality of charging interest on capitalised costs of credit, i.e. charging interest also on the portion of the loan drawn down but earmarked for payment of the costs of issuing the loan (e.g. commissions). This issue will be addressed by the Court of Justice in subsequent cases where Polish courts have decided to seek preliminary rulings.

In May 2025 a bill to amend the Control of Certain Investments Act was published on the website of Poland’s Government Legislative Centre. The proponent is the Minister of Economic Development and Technology. The bill is not extensive (containing only four articles), but would introduce significant changes for the future.

A Portuguese company filed for trademark registration by the EUIPO of the word sign “Quevedo Port” for two products: olive oil and wine. Registration was opposed by an association of makers of Port wine, which is a protected denomination of origin. Nonetheless, the EUIPO properly registered the disputed mark. Why? 

Human activity exerts greater and greater impact on the environment. The resulting environmental degradation also poses numerous threats to human life and health. On top of this, the growing generation of waste causes serious ecological problems, but also creates a space for abuses and criminal activity.